Investigating the association between dental age and polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors.

BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms have been shown to influence several physiological traits, including dental and craniofacial characteristics. Understanding the clinical relevance of genetic polymorphisms in dental practice is crucial to personalize treatment plans and improve treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the association between dental age and genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively) in a sample of Brazilian children. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed with children undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with syndromes, congenital anomalies, craniofacial deformities, under hormonal or systemic treatment, and with a previous history of facial trauma were excluded. Panoramic radiographs were used to assess dental age according to the Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner method. A delta [dental age-chronological age (DA-CA)] was obtained, which shows whether the patient tends to have a normal, delayed (negative values), or advanced (positive values) dental age. DNA isolated from buccal cells was used to genotype four genetic polymorphisms: rs9340799 (A>G) and rs2234693 (C>T), located in ESR1; and rs1256049 (C>T) and rs4986938 (C>T), located in ESR2. A statistical analysis was performed and values of p<0.05 indicated statistical difference. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients were included, 44 (55.70%) girls and 35 (44.30%) boys. The Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner method, in general, overestimated patients' age by 0.75 years. There was no difference in the delta of dental age between the sexes (p>0.05). Genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were not associated with dental age (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The studied genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were not associated with dental age in Brazilian children.

Treatment protocol of dental bleaching and resin infiltration for white spot lesions.

White spot lesions are considered to be a major concern in esthetic dentistry. These lesions can be treated with noninvasive to less invasive procedures, which remain a challenge for many clinicians. The treatment of choice should be as minimally invasive as possible and should aim to minimize the color difference between the white spots and the healthy tooth enamel. Tooth whitening can be used initially to minimize this difference by rendering the extent of the white spot defects less visible, which permits a bevel effect. In addition, the microinvasive treatment option of resin infiltration, which does not involve trauma or require cavity preparation, can supplement the tooth whitening procedure to achieve excellent esthetic results, giving patients renewed confidence in their smiles. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to illustrate the combination of dental bleaching and resin infiltration in a patient with white spot lesions caused by diffuse opacities (teeth that were undergoing enamel maturation at the time of occurrence of a systemic insult). The treatment aimed to improve the patient's esthetics, self-esteem, and quality of life.

Retrospective analysis of survival of avulsed and replanted permanent teeth according to 2012 or 2020 IADT Guidelines.

This study aimed to compare the survival of replanted teeth that followed the 2012 or the 2020 International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. Sixty-two permanent replanted teeth were retrospectively assessed (IADT 2012, n = 45; IADT 2020, n = 17). Five years after replantation (from January 2017 to December 2021), clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. A significance level of 95% was considered to evaluate the outcomes. Thirty-one teeth (50.0%) remained in their sockets and 31 (50.0%) were lost due to external root resorption. Of the 25 (40.3%) teeth replanted within one hour, 16 (64.0%) remained in their sockets, and 9 (36.0%) were lost. Twenty-two (71.0%) of all 31 lost teeth had an extra-alveolar time of more than one hour. Twelve teeth remained in their sockets without resorption: 8 (66.7%) were replanted within one hour, 2 (16.7%) followed the 2012 IADT, and 2 (16.7%) the 2020 IADT guidelines for late replantation. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the extra-alveolar time (< one hour), but without difference between the guidelines in late replantation (p > 0.05). Replanted teeth following both, 2012 or 2020 IADT guidelines, have similar clinical outcomes. The extra-alveolar time of less than one hour was demonstrated to be important to keep the permanent tooth in its socket.

Bilateral peripheral facial palsy: A rare case report.

Peripheral facial palsy (PFP) is an inflammation of the facial nerve, which paralyses the face unilaterally or bilaterally, causing pain and discomfort to the patient. PFP affects the lives of compromised individuals not only due to the loss of essential facial functions (smiling, blinking, talking) but also their emotional state. When the face is paralysed, the lost ability to animate the face can be devastating and is often associated with depression, social isolation, and reduced quality of life. Bilateral involvement is extremely rare and as it occurs in unilateral cases, a thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation must be carried out to determine the etiology of the disease, which can be idiopathic, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, or iatrogenic. In addition to these, in times of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the vaccine against it should be considered as possible causal factors. Drug therapy and physiotherapy are indicated to recover facial movements. The aim of the present study was to report a case of bilateral peripheral facial palsy due to herpes simplex virus reactivation in a 20-year-old female patient.

Retrospective analysis of survival of avulsed and replanted permanent teeth according to 2012 or 2020 IADT Guidelines

Abstract This study aimed to compare the survival of replanted teeth that followed the 2012 or the 2020 International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. Sixty-two permanent replanted teeth were retrospectively assessed (IADT 2012, n = 45; IADT 2020, n = 17). Five years after replantation (from January 2017 to December 2021), clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. A significance level of 95% was considered to evaluate the outcomes. Thirty-one teeth (50.0%) remained in their sockets and 31 (50.0%) were lost due to external root resorption. Of the 25 (40.3%) teeth replanted within one hour, 16 (64.0%) remained in their sockets, and 9 (36.0%) were lost. Twenty-two (71.0%) of all 31 lost teeth had an extra-alveolar time of more than one hour. Twelve teeth remained in their sockets without resorption: 8 (66.7%) were replanted within one hour, 2 (16.7%) followed the 2012 IADT, and 2 (16.7%) the 2020 IADT guidelines for late replantation. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the extra-alveolar time (< one hour), but without difference between the guidelines in late replantation (p > 0.05). Replanted teeth following both, 2012 or 2020 IADT guidelines, have similar clinical outcomes. The extra-alveolar time of less than one hour was demonstrated to be important to keep the permanent tooth in its socket.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a sobrevida, por cinco anos, de dentes reimplantados que seguiram as diretrizes de 2012 ou 2020 da International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT). Sessenta e dois dentes permanentes reimplantados foram avaliados retrospectivamente (IADT 2012, n = 45; IADT 2020, n = 17). Cinco anos após o reimplante, foram realizados exames clínicos e radiográficos. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 95% para avaliar os desfechos. Trinta e um dentes (50,0%) permaneceram em seus alvéolos e 31 (50,0%) foram perdidos por reabsorção radicular externa. Dos 25 (40,3%) dentes reimplantados em uma hora, 16 (64,0%) permaneceram em seus alvéolos e 9 (36,0%) foram perdidos. Vinte e dois (71,0%) de todos os 31 dentes perdidos tiveram um tempo extra-alveolar superior a uma hora. Doze dentes permaneceram em seus alvéolos sem reabsorção: 8 (66,7%) foram reimplantados em uma hora, 2 (16,7%) seguiram a IADT de 2012 e 2 (16,7%) as diretrizes da IADT de 2020 para reimplante tardio. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) no tempo extra-alveolar (< uma hora), mas sem diferença entre as diretrizes no reimplante tardio (p > 0,05). Dentes reimplantados seguindo as diretrizes de 2012 ou 2020 da IADT, tiveram taxas de sucesso semelhantes. O tempo extra-alveolar inferior a uma hora demonstrou ser importante para manter o dente permanente em seu alvéolo.

Calcium hydroxide diffusion after agitation of endodontic irrigants: an ex vivo study

Aim: To compare the influence of two methods of agitation of endodontics irrigants, by diffusion of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] through the dentinal tubules, measuring the pH of the medium where they were kept. Methods: Twenty mandibular incisors were prepared using a WaveOne Gold Large file, in a reciprocating movement, and then divided into (n = 10): gutta-percha cone (GPC) or Easy Clean system (ECS) agitation of 1% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The specimens were filled with Ca(OH)2 paste, placed in flasks with 4 mL of deionized water, and stored in an incubator. The pH was read using a digital pH meter immediately after storage (T0), after 7 (T1), 14 (T2), 21 (T3), and 35 (T4) days. Results: Statistical difference between groups was observed regardless of the day pH was measured (p < 0.01). From T2 on, ECS presented higher pH values in comparison with GPC, with significant difference (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Agitation of endodontic irrigants with ECS enhances the Ca(OH)2 diffusion, providing higher pH values, from the 14th day on, when compared with GPC

Investigating the association between dental age and polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors

Abstract Background Genetic polymorphisms have been shown to influence several physiological traits, including dental and craniofacial characteristics. Understanding the clinical relevance of genetic polymorphisms in dental practice is crucial to personalize treatment plans and improve treatment outcomes. Objective to evaluate the association between dental age and genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively) in a sample of Brazilian children. Methodology This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed with children undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with syndromes, congenital anomalies, craniofacial deformities, under hormonal or systemic treatment, and with a previous history of facial trauma were excluded. Panoramic radiographs were used to assess dental age according to the Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner method. A delta [dental age-chronological age (DA-CA)] was obtained, which shows whether the patient tends to have a normal, delayed (negative values), or advanced (positive values) dental age. DNA isolated from buccal cells was used to genotype four genetic polymorphisms: rs9340799 (A>G) and rs2234693 (C>T), located in ESR1; and rs1256049 (C>T) and rs4986938 (C>T), located in ESR2. A statistical analysis was performed and values of p<0.05 indicated statistical difference. Results A total of 79 patients were included, 44 (55.70%) girls and 35 (44.30%) boys. The Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner method, in general, overestimated patients' age by 0.75 years. There was no difference in the delta of dental age between the sexes (p>0.05). Genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were not associated with dental age (p>0.05). Conclusion The studied genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were not associated with dental age in Brazilian children.

Temporomandibular disorder in construction workers associated with ANKK1 and DRD2 genes.

The study aimed to explore the influence of genetic polymorphisms in ANKK1 and DRD2 on the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in construction workers. This cross-sectional study included only male subjects. All construction workers were healthy and over 18 years age. Illiterate workers and functionally illiterate workers were excluded. The diagnosis of TMD was established according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Genomic DNA was used to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms ANKK1 (rs1800497) and DRD2 (rs6275; rs6276) using Real-Time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate genotypes and allele distribution among the studied phenotypes. The established alpha of this study was 5%. The sample included a total of 115 patients. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 70 years (mean age 38.2; standard deviation 11.7). Chronic pain (87.7%), disc displacement (38.2%), and joint inflammation (26.9%) were the most frequently observed signs and symptoms. The genetic polymorphism rs6276 in DRD2 was associated with chronic pain (p=0.033). In conclusion, our study suggests that genetic polymorphisms in DRD2 and ANKK1 may influence TMD signs and symptoms in a group of male construction workers.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in COX2 Is Associated with Persistent Primary Tooth and Delayed Permanent Tooth Eruption.

Persistent primary tooth (PPT) is a prevalent clinical condition that occurs when a primary tooth is over-retained beyond the established period of its normal exfoliation time, remaining in the oral cavity. Many factors could be involved in the risk of PPT; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COX2 gene are associated with PPT. Children undergoing orthodontic treatment were screened. Orthopantomographs were assessed to evaluate PPT according to the Nolla stage of its permanent successor. The primary tooth was considered retained when its successor permanent tooth was in Nolla stage 8 and below the alveolar crypt, Nolla stage 9, or Nolla stage 10. A saliva sample from each child was collected and used for DNA extraction. A real-time PCR of two SNPs, rs689466 (-1195 G/A) and rs5275 (+665 T/C), was performed. A chi-square test was used to compare the allele and genotype distribution. Haplotype analysis was also performed. A total of 100 children were included in the study. Fifty-one had at least one PPT, while 49 children were classified as a control. The number of teeth persistent in the oral cavity ranged from 1 to 8. The genotype distribution was associated with PPT in the co-dominant model (p = 0.006) for SNP rs5275. The individuals that carry two T alleles (TT) compared with the individuals that carry at least one C allele (C + TC) had an almost three times higher chance of presenting with PPT (p = 0.012; OR = 2.99, CI95% 1.28 to 6.95-recessive model). The haplotype C-A for the SNPs rs5275 and rs689466, respectively, was significantly associated (p = 0.042). In conclusion, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding for COX2 are associated with persistent primary tooth and may delay permanent tooth eruption.

Temporomandibular disorder in construction workers associated with ANKK1 and DRD2 genes

Abstract The study aimed to explore the influence of genetic polymorphisms in ANKK1 and DRD2 on the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in construction workers. This cross-sectional study included only male subjects. All construction workers were healthy and over 18 years age. Illiterate workers and functionally illiterate workers were excluded. The diagnosis of TMD was established according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Genomic DNA was used to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms ANKK1 (rs1800497) and DRD2 (rs6275; rs6276) using Real-Time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate genotypes and allele distribution among the studied phenotypes. The established alpha of this study was 5%. The sample included a total of 115 patients. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 70 years (mean age 38.2; standard deviation 11.7). Chronic pain (87.7%), disc displacement (38.2%), and joint inflammation (26.9%) were the most frequently observed signs and symptoms. The genetic polymorphism rs6276 in DRD2 was associated with chronic pain (p=0.033). In conclusion, our study suggests that genetic polymorphisms in DRD2 and ANKK1 may influence TMD signs and symptoms in a group of male construction workers.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi explorar a influência de polimorfismos genéticos em ANKK1 e DRD2 sobre os sinais e sintomas da disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em trabalhadores da construção civil. Este estudo transversal incluiu apenas indivíduos do sexo masculino. Todos os trabalhadores da construção civil eram saudáveis ​​e maiores de 18 anos. Foram excluídos os trabalhadores analfabetos e analfabetos funcionais. O diagnóstico de DTM foi estabelecido de acordo com o Research Diagnostic Criteria para DTM (RDC/TMD). O DNA genômico foi usado para avaliar os polimorfismos genéticos ANKK1 (rs1800497) e DRD2 (rs6275; rs6276) usando PCR em tempo real. Testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foram utilizados para avaliar genótipos e distribuição de alelos entre os fenótipos estudados. O alfa estabelecido deste estudo foi de 5%. A amostra incluiu um total de 115 pacientes. A idade dos pacientes variou de 19 a 70 anos (média de idade 38,2; desvio padrão 11,7). Dor crônica (87,7%), deslocamento de disco (38,2%) e inflamação articular (26,9%) foram os sinais e sintomas mais observados. O polimorfismo genético rs6276 em DRD2 foi associado a dor crônica (p=0,033). Em conclusão, nosso estudo sugere que polimorfismos genéticos em DRD2 e ANKK1 podem influenciar sinais e sintomas de DTM em um grupo de trabalhadores da construção civil do sexo masculino.

Assessing the prevalence of S-shaped root canal and associated genes in humans.

BACKGROUND: Multiple signaling molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in dental root development. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of S-shaped roots and also to investigate, if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BMP2, BMP4 and SMAD6 are associated with this phenotype in humans. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional phenotype-genotype association study that used radiographs to determine the phenotypes and DNA to investigate SNPs in candidate genes. During the radiographic exam, teeth presenting root canal(s) doubly curved were considered S-shaped roots. SNPs in BMP2 (rs1005464 and rs235768), BMP4 (rs17563) and SMAD6 (rs2119261 and rs3934908) were blindly genotyped by real-time PCR using TaqMan assay. The relative and absolute frequency of S-shaped roots were calculated. Chi-square test was used to compare the genotype distributions between control and S-shaped groups. RESULTS: Among the 578 subjects, 61 (10.6 %) presented at least one tooth with an S-shaped root. The most commonly affected type of tooth was the premolar. rs1005464 in BMP2 was statistically associated with an S-shaped root (p = 0.036). rs235768 in BMP2 was associated with an S-shaped root also in mandibular teeth (p = 0.017). A statistical significance was observed for the rs3934908 in SMAD6 (p = 0.049) for S-shaped root in the mandible. In the analysis stratified according to the type of tooth, rs235768 in BMP2 was associated with S-shaped roots in premolars (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of S-shaped roots is 10.6 % in permanent teeth. SNPs in BMP2 and SMAD6 could be involved in a higher chance to present S-shaped roots.

Influence of clinical factors, IL4 and IL6 genes polymorphisms in functional healing in late replantation.

To investigate the genetic association in a sample of replanted teeth, it is necessary to observe the extreme phenotypes, such as, teeth that underwent functional healing and those extracted due to severe external root resorption. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of age of the patients, root development, storage media, and polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 6 (IL6) genes with teeth that presented extreme outcomes, as functional healing or extraction, in a group whose replantation techniques did not follow the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) 2012 guidelines. Forty-three avulsed and replanted teeth that did not follow IADT 2012 guidelines and underwent functional healing or were extracted were included. Periapical radiographs employed for this study were taken soon after tooth replantation and after 1 year. For genotypic IL4 and IL6 genes analysis, DNA of oral mucosa cells was extracted. Real-time- PCR performed for genotyping polymorphisms in IL4 and IL6 genes. Clinical and genetic variables were analyzed by the Chi-square test and the "Z" test. P values < .05 were considered significant. The results showed that functional healing and extraction were associated with storage media and with the rs2243268 of IL- 4 gene polymorphisms. As conclusion, the C rs2243268 allele of IL4 gene may have a positive relationship with functional healing teeth that were replanted not following the 2012 IADT guidelines. Keeping the tooth dry is associated to a fast loss of avulsed and replanted teeth after 1-year follow-up.

Influence of clinical factors, IL4 and IL6 genes polymorphisms in functional healing in late replantation

Abstract To investigate the genetic association in a sample of replanted teeth, it is necessary to observe the extreme phenotypes, such as, teeth that underwent functional healing and those extracted due to severe external root resorption. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of age of the patients, root development, storage media, and polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 6 (IL6) genes with teeth that presented extreme outcomes, as functional healing or extraction, in a group whose replantation techniques did not follow the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) 2012 guidelines. Forty-three avulsed and replanted teeth that did not follow IADT 2012 guidelines and underwent functional healing or were extracted were included. Periapical radiographs employed for this study were taken soon after tooth replantation and after 1 year. For genotypic IL4 and IL6 genes analysis, DNA of oral mucosa cells was extracted. Real-time- PCR performed for genotyping polymorphisms in IL4 and IL6 genes. Clinical and genetic variables were analyzed by the Chi-square test and the "Z" test. P values < .05 were considered significant. The results showed that functional healing and extraction were associated with storage media and with the rs2243268 of IL- 4 gene polymorphisms. As conclusion, the C rs2243268 allele of IL4 gene may have a positive relationship with functional healing teeth that were replanted not following the 2012 IADT guidelines. Keeping the tooth dry is associated to a fast loss of avulsed and replanted teeth after 1-year follow-up.

Resumo Para investigar a influência genética em uma amostra de dentes reimplantados, é necessário observar os fenótipos extremos, como os dentes que sofreram cura funcional e os extraídos devido à reabsorção radicular externa severa. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação da idade dos pacientes, desenvolvimento radicular dos dentes, assim como o meio de transporte até o reimplante e polimorfismos nos genes da interleucina 4 (IL4) e da interleucina 6 (IL6) com dentes que apresentaram cura funcional ou extração, em um grupo cujas técnicas de reimplante não seguiu a International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) 2012. Foram incluídos 43 dentes avulsionados e reimplantados que não seguiram as diretrizes do IADT, e tiveram cura funcional ou foram extraídos. As radiografias periapicais utilizadas para este estudo foram feitas logo após o reimplante dentário e após 1 ano. Para a análise genotípica dos genes IL4 e IL6, foi extraído DNA de células da mucosa oral. PCR em tempo real realizou a análise dos polimorfismos dos genes. As variáveis ​​clínicas e genéticas foram analisadas pelos testes Qui-quadrado e "Z". Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados significativos. Os resultados mostraram que a cura ou perda dos dentes está associada ao meio de armazenamento e polimorfismos no gene rs2243268 da IL-4. Como conclusão, o alelo C rs2243268 do gene IL4 pode ter uma relação positiva com a cura functional do dente reimplantado. Manter o dente seco está associado a uma perda rápida de dentes avulsionados e reimplantados que não seguiram o IADT 2012.

Conhecimento dos estudantes da área da saúde sobre as condutas de biossegurança e prevençãoda transmissão da COVID-19 / Healthcare students' knowledge about biosafety and prevention of COVID-19

Apandemia de COVID-19impôs ainterrupção deatividades presenciais coletivaseos profissionais de saúde foram os mais afetados, por estarem na linha de frente no combate desta doença. Medidas de biossegurança tiveram que ser redobradas para evitar a propagação do vírus e assim ajudar a controlar apandemia. Procedimentos que geram aerossóis na Odontologia foram evitados, pois é de conhecimento que um dos meios de transmissão é a saliva. Alguns Equipamentos de Proteção Individual(EPs) foram adicionados para garantir a proteção, e protocolos de desinfecção do ambiente foram modificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de conhecimento sobre biossegurança entre estudantes da área da saúde. Foiaplicado um questionário eletrônicopara a comunidade relacionada aos cursos da área da saúde na cidade de Curitiba/PR. Cento e cinquenta e novealunos responderam ao questionário, sendo 107 (67,3%) estudantesdaOdontologia, 28 (17,6%) da Medicina, 17 (10,7%) da Biomedicina e 7 (4,4%) daEnfermagem. Entre os participantes, 63,55% dos alunos de Odontologia, 100% de Medicina, 64,71% de Biomedicina e 85,71% de Enfermagem acreditam que os alunos da graduação não estão preparados para fazer atendimentos de urgência em pacientes com COVID-19. Apesar de toda a orientação sobre biossegurança, os alunos da área da saúde ainda devem desenvolver habilidades quanto aoscorretos procedimentos para atendimento de pacientes portadores ou não de doenças transmissíveis (AU).

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, people all over the world had to interrupt their face-to-face interactions. Health professionals were most affected, as they were at the forefront of combating this disease. Biosecurity measures had to be re-doubled to prevent the spread of the virus and thus help control the pandemic. Procedures in dentistry that generated aerosols were avoided, as saliva is one of the means ofCOVID-19transmission. Complementary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) was required to ensure protection, and environmental disinfection protocols had been modified. Thus, to assess the level of knowledge about biosafety and these new changes, particularly regarding COVID-19, a questionnaire was published for the community related to health courses in the city of Curitiba (PR, Brazil). This study included 159 students (dentistry, 107 (67.3%); medicine, 28 (17.6%); biomedicine, 17 (10.7%); and nursing, seven (4.4%)). Approximately 63.55% of dentistry, 100% of medicine, 64.71% of biomedical, and 85.71% of nursing students believe that undergraduate students are unprepared to provide urgent care to COVID-19 patients. Despite all the guidance on biosafety, students in healthcaremust still develop skills incorrect procedures for caring forpatients with or without communicable diseases (AU).

Conhecimento dos estudantes da área da saúde sobre as condutas de biossegurança e prevençãoda transmissão da COVID-19 / Healthcare students' knowledge about biosafety and prevention of COVID-19

Apandemia de COVID-19impôs ainterrupção deatividades presenciais coletivaseos profissionais de saúde foram os mais afetados, por estarem na linha de frente no combate desta doença. Medidas de biossegurança tiveram que ser redobradas para evitar a propagação do vírus e assim ajudar a controlar apandemia. Procedimentos que geram aerossóis na Odontologia foram evitados, pois é de conhecimento que um dos meios de transmissão é a saliva. Alguns Equipamentos de Proteção Individual(EPs) foram adicionados para garantir a proteção, e protocolos de desinfecção do ambiente foram modificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de conhecimento sobre biossegurança entre estudantes da área da saúde. Foiaplicado um questionário eletrônicopara a comunidade relacionada aos cursos da área da saúde na cidade de Curitiba/PR. Cento e cinquenta e novealunos responderam ao questionário, sendo 107 (67,3%) estudantesdaOdontologia, 28 (17,6%) da Medicina, 17 (10,7%) da Biomedicina e 7 (4,4%) daEnfermagem. Entre os participantes, 63,55% dos alunos de Odontologia, 100% de Medicina, 64,71% de Biomedicina e 85,71% de Enfermagem acreditam que os alunos da graduação não estão preparados para fazer atendimentos de urgência em pacientes com COVID-19. Apesar de toda a orientação sobre biossegurança, os alunos da área da saúde ainda devem desenvolver habilidades quanto aoscorretos procedimentos para atendimento de pacientes portadores ou não de doenças transmissíveis (AU).

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, people all over the world had to interrupt their face-to-face interactions. Health professionals were most affected, as they were at the forefront of combating this disease. Biosecurity measures had to be re-doubled to prevent the spread of the virus and thus help control the pandemic. Procedures in dentistry that generated aerosols were avoided, as saliva is one of the means ofCOVID-19transmission. Complementary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) was required to ensure protection, and environmental disinfection protocols had been modified. Thus, to assess the level of knowledge about biosafety and these new changes, particularly regarding COVID-19, a questionnaire was published for the community related to health courses in the city of Curitiba (PR, Brazil). This study included 159 students (dentistry, 107 (67.3%); medicine, 28 (17.6%); biomedicine, 17 (10.7%); and nursing, seven (4.4%)). Approximately 63.55% of dentistry, 100% of medicine, 64.71% of biomedical, and 85.71% of nursing students believe that undergraduate students are unprepared to provide urgent care to COVID-19 patients. Despite all the guidance on biosafety, students in healthcaremust still develop skills incorrect procedures for caring forpatients with or without communicable diseases (AU).

Influence of Filling Material Remnants on the Diffusion of Hydroxyl Ions in Endodontically Retreated Teeth: An Ex Vivo Study.

AIM: To assess the influence of remnants of filling material on hydroxyl ion diffusion from calcium hydroxide (CH) paste, measured by the pH value, in retreated teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared up to a size 35 hand file and filled. For retreatment, the specimens were divided into four groups (n = 20): ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PUR), PUR with additional instrumentation (PURA), Mtwo Retreatment (MTWR), and MTWR with additional instrumentation (MTWRA). Negative (NEG) and positive (POS) control groups were composed by 20 specimens each one. The specimens, except NEG, were filled with CH paste. The retreated groups were scanned using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for analysis of filling remnants. The pH assessment was performed at the baseline, after seven, 21, 45, and 60 days of immersion in saline. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's test, followed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Additional instrumentation (PURA and MTWRA) were superior regarding removal of the filling material (p <0.05); however, without significant difference (p >0.05). The mean pH value in all groups increased (p <0.05). After 60 days, no statistical difference was observed among POS and PURA; and MTWR and MTWRA. There was less diffusion of hydroxyl ions when the amount of remnants was greater than 59%. CONCLUSION: Additional instrumentation improved the ability to remove filling material in both systems. All groups presented increasing pH; however, the higher the amount of remnants, the lower the diffusion of hydroxyl ions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The amount of remnants allows less diffusion of calcium hydroxyl ions. Thus, additional instrumentation improves the ability to remove these materials.

Introduction of nickel titanium rotary instruments to undergraduate students: afour-yearclinical experience / Introdução de instrumentos rotários de níquel titânio para alunos de graduação: quatro anos de experiência clínica

Many studies address the quality of root canal treatments, but few refer to endodontics usingrotatory techniques performed by noviceoperators. This study evaluatedthe performance of undergraduates in their first contact with rotary root canal instrumentation concerningthe findings of the final periapical radiograph, and thepostendodontic treatment pain.A longitudinal observational studywas performed on periapical radiographs of 491teethfrom 450 patientssubmitted toroot canal treatmentby undergraduate students from 2015 to 2018. The analysis of the length of root canal filling followed the criteria: (i) acceptable, ifperiapical radiograph presentsroot filling ending 0 -1 mm short of radiographic apex; (ii) over, if periapical radiograph presentsroot filling ending beyond the radiographic apex; and (iii) under, ifperiapical radiograph presentsroot filling ending > 1 mm short of radiographic apex. Evaluation of postendodontic treatment painwas categorized into either absence or presenceof pain. Adequate length root canal filling was observed in 65.9% of the cases (324 teeth). Periapical lesions presenceand dimensions did not interfere to the obturation quality.Statistical relation was found between the pulp condition and postendodontic treatment pain. Thepresence of pain was observed in 4.7% of the vital teeth and 0.3% of non-vital teeth. The presence of periapical lesion did not influence postoperative pain.AdequatelengthrootcanalfillingwasobservedinmostcasesandNitTi rotary instrumentation hadapplicability in undergraduate programs, even with novice operators. Besides that, pulp condition had an effect on post endodontic pain (AU).

Muitos estudos abordam a qualidade dos tratamentos de canal radicular, mas poucos se referem à endodontia por meio de técnicas rotatórias realizada por operadores novatos. Este estudo avaliou o desempenho de graduandos no primeiro contato com a instrumentação endodôntica em relação aos achados da radiografia periapical final e à dor pós-tratamento endodôntico. Um estudo observacional longitudinal foi realizado em radiografias periapicais de 491 dentes de 450pacientes submetidos a tratamento endodôntico por estudantes de graduação no período de 2015 a 2018. A análise do comprimento da obturação de canais radiculares obedeceu aos critérios: (i) aceitável, se a radiografia periapical apresentasse término de obturação 0 -1 mm aquém do ápice radiográfico; (ii) acima, se a radiografia periapical apresentasse obturação que termina além do ápice radiográfico; e (iii) abaixo, se a radiografia periapicalapresentasse obturação, terminando > 1 mm aquém do ápice radiográfico. A avaliação da dor pós-operatória foi categorizada em ausência ou presença de dor. A obturação de canais radiculares de comprimento adequado foi observada em 65,9% dos casos (324 dentes). A presença e as dimensões das lesões periapicais não interferiram na qualidade da obturação. Foi encontrada relação estatística entre a condição pulpar e a dor pós-tratamento endodôntico. Presença de dor foi observada em 4,7% dos dentes vitais e 0,3% dos não vitais. A presença de lesão periapical não influenciou na dor pós-operatória. O comprimento de trabalho adequado foi observado na maioria dos casos e a instrumentação rotatória NitTi teve aplicabilidade em programas de graduação, mesmo com operadores iniciantes. Além disso, a condição pulpar afetou a dor pós-operatória (AU).

Emergency management of dental avulsion and replantation: knowledge of undergraduate health care students / Manejo emergencial da avulsão dentária e do reimplante: conhecimento dos estudantes degraduação na área de saúde

Dental replantationis a major problem in public health. Its prognosis depends on emergency care, butthere is a lack of knowledge on it. So, this study aims to evaluate the knowledge of undergraduate students of Dentistry, Speech Therapy, Physical Education, Pedagogy,and Technologist in Radiology. One hundred and fifty-onestudents answered tenquestions about emergency replantation care. Then, an educational lecture was performed. The same questions were asked again to the same students to reevaluate their answers. The statisticaltests were employed at a significant level of p<0.05. There wasa significant difference (p<0.05)inthe responsesbefore and after the lecture. The dental students had a higher knowledge ofthe subject (p<0.05). The educational presentation reached its objective, since there was an improvement in the index of all answers of the post-lecture questionnaire, demonstrating thatthe people must be informedand trainedin the emergency management of dental avulsion (AU).

O reimplante dentário é um grande problema de saúde pública. Seu prognóstico depende do atendimento de urgência, mas ainda falta conhecimento.Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento de graduandos de Odontologia, Fonoaudiologia, Educação Física, Pedagogia e Tecnólogo em Radiologia. Cento e cinquenta e umalunos responderam a 10 perguntas sobre cuidados de reimplante de emergência. Em seguida, foi realizada uma palestra educativa. As mesmas perguntas foram feitas novamente aos mesmos alunos para reavaliar suas respostas. Os testes estatísticos foram empregados em um nível de significância de p <0,05. Houve diferença significativa (p <0,05) nas respostas antes e depois da palestra. Os estudantes de odontologia apresentaram maior conhecimento sobre o assunto (p <0,05). A apresentação educativa atingiu seu objetivo, visto que houve uma melhora no índice de todas as respostas do questionário pós-aula, demonstrando que as pessoas devem ser informadas e treinadas no manejo emergencial da avulsão dentária (AU).

The role of polymorphism of the IL6 gene in tooth replantation.

The absence or presence of root resorption on the root surface of a replanted tooth indicates an immune-inflammatory reaction. Since interleukin-6 (IL-6) is considered an inflammatory marker in bone resorption, this study aimed to investigate the association between clinical variables and polymorphisms in IL6, with the outcome of replanted teeth at 1-year follow-up. Altogether, 127 avulsed teeth that were replanted and had their root canals treated were selected for this study. Periapical radiographs were taken after replantation and after 1 year. Real-time PCR was used to genotype IL6 polymorphisms. Chi-square and 'Z' tests were performed to verify the association between genetic variables and the prognosis of replanted teeth (P < 0.05). An association was observed between the rs2069843 polymorphism of IL6 and the outcome of replanted teeth (P < 0.05). The rs2069843 polymorphism of IL6 may influence the outcome of avulsed and replanted teeth in the first year post-trauma.